International
International coordination on digital asset policy — G20 roadmap, FSB recommendations, OECD CARF, FATF guidance, IMF frameworks, and BIS research.
No national legislature writes crypto law in isolation. The multilateral architecture — FSB recommendations, FATF guidance, OECD’s CARF tax reporting standard, G20 policy roadmaps — sets the upstream parameters that constrain national regulatory choices. The FSB’s October 2025 peer review identified material gaps across G20 members and issued eight recommendations. OECD CARF now has 75 committed jurisdictions, with 48 targeting 2026 reporting and first data exchanges in June 2027. Andrew Bailey’s assumption of the FSB Chair from July 2025, and FATF President Elisa de Anda Madrazo’s June 2025 Travel Rule update, shape what national lawmakers can credibly enact.
Basel III Crypto Exposure Rules: How Banks Are Required to Hold Capital Against Crypto Assets
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision's crypto asset capital framework — effective January 2025 — determines how much capital banks must hold against crypto exposures, with dramatic differences between tokenized traditional assets and unbacked crypto.
BIS and Tokenization: The Central Bankers' Bank Shapes Digital Finance Standards
The Bank for International Settlements — through its research, working groups, and innovation projects — is the most influential institution in shaping how central banks think about tokenization, CBDCs, and digital finance infrastructure.
CPMI and Cross-Border Payments: How the BIS Committee Is Using Tokenization to Fix International Transfers
The Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures is using its G20 cross-border payments mandate to promote tokenization as a solution to expensive, slow international money transfers — with significant policy implications.
FATF Virtual Asset Guidance: The Anti-Money Laundering Rules That Every Jurisdiction Must Follow
FATF's Recommendation 15 and the Updated Guidance on Virtual Assets define the global AML/CFT framework for crypto — and FATF membership pressure is the single most powerful driver of national crypto AML legislation.
FATF's Travel Rule for Crypto: The Global Data-Sharing Standard for Virtual Asset Transfers
The FATF Travel Rule requires crypto service providers to share originator and beneficiary information for transactions above $1,000 — a data-sharing obligation that has been slower to implement than any other FATF crypto standard.
FSB Crypto Recommendations: The Financial Stability Rules That Governments Must Implement
The Financial Stability Board's recommendations on crypto-asset activities and global stablecoin arrangements are the most authoritative international standard in digital asset regulation — and the mechanism through which G20 priorities become national policy.
FSB Implementation Report: Which Countries Are Following the Rules and Which Aren't
The Financial Stability Board's October 2025 peer review found significant gaps in countries' implementation of crypto recommendations — particularly on stablecoin frameworks. Here's who is compliant and who is lagging.
G20 Crypto Roadmap: The International Framework That Constrains National Policy
The G20's crypto regulation roadmap — developed through the Financial Stability Board — sets standards that constrain what individual jurisdictions can do. Understanding the roadmap is essential to understanding national regulatory choices.
G7 Digital Finance: How the World's Richest Democracies Coordinate on Crypto
G7 finance ministers and central bank governors have produced successive communiqués on crypto regulation — pushing for global standards that largely reflect Western regulatory values and constraining divergence among G7 members.
IMF CBDC Handbook: The International Blueprint for Central Bank Digital Currencies
The IMF's CBDC Handbook provides the most comprehensive international guidance for central banks developing digital currencies — covering design, policy, technology, and legal frameworks for CBDCs in developed and developing economies.
IMF Crypto Framework: From Skepticism to Structured Policy Guidance
The IMF's position on crypto has evolved from outright skepticism to structured policy frameworks — including the 2023 G20 synthesis paper with FSB, element-based approach to crypto regulation, and extensive CBDC research.
Multi-Currency CBDC: Project mBridge, Nexus, and the Race to Build Cross-Border Digital Money Infrastructure
Multiple CBDC interoperability projects — mBridge (China/UAE/HK/Thailand), Nexus, Dunbar — are building the infrastructure for central bank digital currencies to move across borders. The geopolitics are as important as the technology.
OECD CARF: The Global Tax Framework That Will End Crypto Tax Evasion
The OECD's Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework — with 75 countries committed and first data exchange set for June 2027 — is the most consequential international crypto policy initiative after financial stability regulation.
OECD on Tokenization: Tax Policy, Capital Markets, and the Standards Gap
Beyond CARF, the OECD has produced substantial research on tokenization's implications for tax policy, capital markets efficiency, and the gaps in international standards — positioning the organisation as a key intellectual force in digital asset policy.
Project Guardian: How MAS and BIS Built the World's Most Important Tokenization Experiment
Project Guardian — the collaboration between MAS Singapore and BIS — tested institutional tokenization of bonds, foreign exchange, and fund units with major global banks. The policy implications of its findings are reshaping how regulators think about tokenized finance.
United Nations and Digital Finance: UNCTAD, UNDP, and the Global South Perspective
UN agencies — particularly UNCTAD and UNDP — have developed distinct perspectives on crypto and tokenization from the Global South lens, emphasising financial inclusion, sovereign monetary policy, and the risks of crypto dollarisation.
World Bank and Tokenization: Development Finance Meets Digital Assets
The World Bank has engaged with tokenization through its own bond issuances (Kangaroo bond on blockchain, BOND-i), developing country fintech work, and its remittance reduction mandate — making it an institutional bridge between digital finance and development economics.